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Yakov Petrovich Kulnev (; 5 August 1763 – 1 August 1812) was, along with Pyotr Bagration and Aleksey Yermolov, one of the most popular Russian Empire military leaders at the time of the Napoleonic Wars. Count Alexander Suvorov's admirer and participant of 55 battles, he lost his life during Napoleon's invasion of Russia.
He joined a hussar regiment and, under Suvorov's command, took part in the Russo-Turkish War, 1787-1792, and the Polish Campaign of 1794-1795 inclusive of the Brześć and Praga (Warsaw) battles. The following decade of his life is obscure.
In 1807 Kulnev was put in charge of the regiment of Hrodna hussars fighting against Napoleon. He made a name for himself at Heilsberg and Friedland, where he famously fought his way out of an encirclement.
Kulnev crowned the campaign by leading Pyotr Bagration's vanguard across the frozen Baltic Sea towards the Åland Islands and thence to Grisslehamn, within 70 km from the Swedish capital, Stockholm. This daring manoeuvre forced the Swedes to seek peace at any cost.
During the Turkish Campaign of 1810, Kulnev was one of Russia's ablest generals. His bold leadership made itself felt at Shumla, Nikopol, Rousse, and Batin, giving the campaign a character of decision it had been lacking heretofore.
A conflict with the commander-in-chief, Nikolay Kamensky, forced him to leave the army, however.
On 18 July, he led 5,000 cavalrymen — who formed a vanguard of Wittgenstein's corps — against Marshal Oudinot in the Battle of Klyastitsy. Taking prisoner 900 enemy soldiers, Kulnev crossed the Drissa River and clashed with a major French contingent. As the Russians came under heavy artillery fire, Kulnev was struck in the legs by a cannonball and lost both limbs. He died from the effects of wounds received at this engagement.
A typical Romantic hero of the Napoleonic Wars, he emancipated his serfs and was reputed to live in poverty, in order to emulate the soldiers of Roman antiquity that were his ideal. It has been suggested that Dubrovsky, a protagonist of Pushkin's eponymous novel, was modeled on Kulnev: Dubrovsky is described in the text as "a dark, swarthy 35-year-old, with a moustache and a beard, a genuine portrait of Kulnev". The Russian general is also the subject of Runeberg's poem Kulneff (1848), which is part of The Tales of Ensign Stål:
The Russian host could vaunt the name Of many a seasoned veteran Recorded on the scroll of fame Before Finnish War began. Barclay, Nikolay Kamensky, Pyotr Bagration, Were household names to every son of Finland. When they hove in sight, We could expect a fight.But Kulnev's name was new to all Before the flame of war was blown And he came rushing like a squall, Scarce dreamed of before known. He struck like lightning from the blue So terrible and yet so new, But ne'er to be forgot, we felt, From the first blow he dealt.
English translation by Charles Wharton Stork
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